Etiologies
Neuro Ophthalmic Manifestations
| Location of Thalamic Lesion | Ocular Deficit |
|---|
| Paramedian area, medial rectus sub-nucleus | Convergence deficit |
| Mediodorsal nuclei | Loss of saccadic activity |
| Ventrolateral neurons, paralaminar regions of the mediodorsal and ventroanterior nuclei | Loss of smooth pursuit activity |
| Ventral lateral and ventral anterior nuclei | Loss of voluntary motor actions and arousal |
| Inhibitory descending pathways for convergence, caudal territory | Pseudo-abducens palsy (thalamic esotropia) |
| Inferolateral territory | Hypermetric saccades |
| Posterolateral territory | Ipsilateral Horner Syndrome |
| Dorsal territory | Horizontal or vertical diplopia |